The General Information For Anti Globalization

The General Information For Anti Globalization Against Globalization was guarded as a conviction shared by different political gatherings that individuals must contradict globalization (=the procedure of causing something, for example, a business to work in various nations around the globe) in view of terrible impacts it has on individuals, particularly in creating nations, and in view of the harm it does to the condition the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Advanced Learners. Nearly the counter globalization exercises are unconstrained, the individuals whose advantage was influenced stood up then played out the counter globalization exercises, for example, exhibit, request relieve㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ actually, the exercises which are inverse to globalization can be isolated into 2 gatherings: Anti-Globalization and Alter-Globalization. The counter globalization bunch legitimately restricts to the globalization exercises; they imagine that the development of individuals over the boondocks must be controlled carefully; traveler different countrys characteristic assets and HR are not allowed. This gathering contended that biodiversity and regular assets can be harmed forever; and predominantly call for law based portrayal, headway of human rights and increasingly libertarian states. The objectives of this gathering are the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Co-activity and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) and unhindered commerce arrangements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Change globalization is the name of a social development that underpins worldwide collaboration and connection, yet which contradicts the negative impacts of financial globalization, feeling that it frequently attempts to the impediment of, or doesn't sufficiently advance, human qualities, for example, natural and atmosphere security, monetary equity, work assurance, insurance of indigenous societies and human rights. Wikipedia The distinctive between hostile to globalization and modify globalization is against globalization against any sorts of globalization yet the change globalization just referenced about human rights, the earth, national power, and social assorted variety, etc. There are 2 well known gatherings for hostile to globalization: World Social Forum and World Economic Forum. Part 2: Why hostile to globalization despite everything exist? To expert the inverts of globalization, we center around three items that the globalization influenced to: nearby organizations, neighborhood populace, and the neighborhood monetary. Right off the bat, the neighborhood firms: At the point when the country open to globalization too early, and excessively abrupt, the neighborhood firms had not plan enough to look with the serious of over ocean organizations will go to chapter 11 without any problem. It is anything but difficult to track down the model for Chuong Duong organization Also, the nearby populace: In the event that the globalization acquired, neighborhood firms fail will cause the joblessness, the new associations which had not set up enough yet can not employed these new unemployees, this reason the high joblessness rate. This is the principle purpose behind penniless at Africa. Illness can move from nation to nation quick on the grounds that the individuals can make a trip to different nations via air, by transport, trains or other transportation in the brief timeframe. This reason the illnesses spread extremely quick and turned into the explanation of thousand instances of dead at 2006 for flying creature influenza from Indonesia and spread to different nations, 774 cases for SARS in 2003 at China and other East Asia nations, millions individuals dead on the grounds that AIDSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Cerebrum channel: ability will leave the helpless nations to the richers. This circumstance can be seen much at Africa, India and numerous helpless nations everywhere throughout the world. These nations money to these understudies to go over ocean concentrate however they have never returned after graduated. Pay appropriation: Thirdly: neighborhood financial: The monetary can not steady: when the country join to the universes advertise, it will be simple effect by the world circumstance, let returned to the emergency at 1997, the financial of the world had been influenced. The created nations power the creating nations to lessen exchange obstruction yet they save for themselves by hamper the creating nations to send out agribusiness items which are significant for they to get outside cash winning. On the off chance that the country opens the market too early, sooner than building up of the neighborhood associations, the making new openings will not exactly the misfortune. The fare of this country won't create, the import encroach rather, shortfall become genuine for quite a while. This country will less fortunate and more unfortunate. At long last: the nearby society: The create nations will send out the contamination to the creating and lacking nations by contribute the contamination merchandise ventures, second hand goods㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ to these nations. Part 3: Advantages and burdens of hostile to globalization: Favorable circumstances: Against globalization can caution to the world the critical issues of the world, for example, warming of the earth, contamination, woodland wreck, nursery influence, etc. With the goal that the legislatures and associations can play out the activities to diminish these effects. Contamination: the same number of nations Racial separation: Sex separation: The war at Iraq and others To divulgence reality that have never exposure themselves of IMF, WB, WTOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Against globalization additionally calls for help the world: when the actives raise the issues, the individuals everywhere throughout the world can get them then they may play out certain exercises to take care of these issues. Weaknesses: The exhibits influenced to social protections, numerous individuals pass on because of the fanatic activities of the showing exercises. The legislatures additionally need to perform numerous activities to control these radical exercises. The intensity of the voice of the counter globalization still powerless, the convince capacity of this association likewise frail, can not claim enormous gathering of individuals to get things done, nearly the dissident simply remain solitary or exactly at a little gathering. The counter globalization are consistently activity without association, they only a gathering of individuals who were harmed by the exercises of one association at that point stand up and perform enemies of activities. Absence of proof: Absence of successful: Section 4: The counter globalization exercises at Vietnam: All in all, the counter globalization exercises of Vietnam are relatively few. This is on the grounds that Vietnam performs globalization past the point of no return. After 30 Apr 1975, Vietnam was accomplished to be an autonomy nation. Nearly individuals concurred that during ten years after the autonomy date was the dark time of Vietnam monetary. Nearly exercises become stagnation; starvation cause in numerous territories occasion at Mekong delta which was the greatest homestead in the nation; instruction, human services and other social government assistance were completely disregarded. The globalization of Vietnam starts at 1986 with the open market strategy name communist situated market economy. Thank to this approach, the monetary of Vietnam switched, ranchers got his own territory (occasion in impermanent) for assembling and alive. Up to Dec 2001, US-Vietnam Bilateral Agreement was marked; this is the significant advance for recoup the monetary and turned into the initial step to join into World Trade Organization (WTO). These are only a few exercises at Vietnam for this occasion: to strike for higher pace of pay in the modern zone Binh Duong area and Bien Hoa city at 2008 for some Taiwan firms; End: As indicated by Yin Yang hypothesis of Chinese, everything has 2 faces: positive and negative, the current of hostile to globalization additionally has a place with this hypothesis, against globalization will exist corresponding with globalization, this likewise the principles of the current: resistance to create, and create must contain restriction. Einstein additionally gave the hypothesis for relative: everything

Reasons why Immigrants Fail to Learn English Essay

Lizanne de Beer, 2014120162 Essays (445 words) - Womens Rights

Lizanne de Beer, 2014120162 ENGL 3728: SEMINAR - INTERRACIAL ADOPTION Mrs Hanta Henning 14 August 2017 Supposition piece: Does woman's rights have a spot on the planet? A wide range of woman's rights are worried about improving the lives of ladies. All women's activists are additionally dedicated to dissecting ladies' current situation on the planet and attempting to comprehend its causes so as to improve it. W ithin this regular comprehension of the significance of women's activist information, there is a lot of space for extensive (and consistent) difference. Such difference isn't just about the methods through which the situation of ladies is improved, yet in addition about what such improvement would be. In the sixties, women's activists started to address different pictures, portrayals, thoughts and assumptions customary hypotheses have created about ladies and the ladylike. In the first place, women's activists guided their focus toward male centric talks, those which were either straightforwardly unfriendly or forceful about ladies, or those which had nothing at all to state about ladies. Femin ists appeared to be significantly engrossed with the incorporation of ladies in those circles from which they have been rejected - they were attempting to make portrayals which would empower ladies to be viewed as men's equivalents. Issues of direct importance to ladies' lives - the family, sexuality, the private' and local circle - were to be incorporated, in certain cases for the absolute first time, as a significant and commendable object of scholarly and political concern. While tricky and over the long haul inconceivable, the goal towards fairness among people was and is by the by strategically and generally vital. Without such endeavors, ladies can't que stion the certainty of ladies' below average status as residents, subjects and sexual creatures. The point of women's liberation and correspondence fills in as a political, and maybe as an experiential, essential to the more broad battles coordinated towards female self-governance - that is, on ladies' right side to political, social, monetary and scholarly self-assurance. This appears to be likely the most striking movement in women's activist legislative issues since its recovery during the 60s. As ladies are continually attempting to reinforce their personality, their jobs become progressively increasingly adaptable. Rather than characterizing them as limited, conventional ways, ladies start to decipher all the more extensively jobs, bonds with o thers, and desires. In light of women's activists, ladies no longer feel committed, as did our precursors, to embrace certain duties, for example, marriage or youngster bearing. Our opportunity rests in our capacity to pick the qualities we assign as the most holy. Ladies must respect the estimations of their new feelings about sexual orientation by keeping previous prohibitive qualities from returning and practicing impact in their lives - and along these lines, women's liberation will consistently have a spot in this world.

Global and Sustainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Worldwide and Sustainable Development - Essay Example The New European Division of Labor also harmonized somewhere in the range of 1450 and 1640 (really he clubbed these two periods together), when social classes and ethnic groupings appeared with bureaucratization, which is the procedure helped the constrained however developing intensity of the ruler. By expanding the state influence to gather burdens, the rulers in the end expanded state influence to acquire cash and in this way further extend the state organization, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/wallerstein.html Toward the finish, all things considered, the incomparable force vested in the outright and enormously engaged government. These periods likewise observed homogenization of the nearby populace when minorities got ousted and industrialist bunches without neighborhood standing were either detested or dreaded (e.g.: Jews, protestants). During this period, Catholic Church became solid and even compromised the States. Civilian army was built up to secure the head's system and the state from outside intrusion. The lords were liberated from the prior primitive laws and many edified rulers utilized the chance to motivate establishments, expressions and so forth and the nearby bourgeoisie got fortified. Northwestern European states improved by 1640 while Spain, Italy and Liberian America declined and England turned into the most significant state. Division of work, fall in compensation, Europe turning into the focal point of private enterprise, increment of politico-monetary gatherings and so forth occurred during this time lastly, industrialization stepped in. The third and fourth stages happen in eighteenth century and past and this free enterprise has a place with the business and not to farming. This period is set apart with investigation and misuse of new markets, serious world frameworks, moving of center locales into mechanical concerns and assembling. Division of work between work class and landowners turned out to be a piece of the improvement of industrialist world economy. He says political and financial conditions totally changed the north-western Europe after the finish of feudalism. With the imperialistic arrangements Europe turned into a significant force on the planet. He follows the modernization of the world through the verifiable and practical happenings and he feels that cutting edge society and world framework have expanded the dissimilarity among haves and the less wealthy on the grounds that the connection between the center, fringe and semi-fringe stayed relative and not steady. During these turns of events, different issues like sexism, prejudice, where science characterized the position and such positions are socially unchangeable, sprung up. World framework commoditized everything and the legislative issues for gathering, battle for advantages and truth as sedative sneaked in. Wallerstein has rendered incredible commitment to sociological practice. What recognizes the authentic social framework we are calling verifiable private enterprise is that in this recorded framework capital came to be utilized (contributed) in an exceptionally uncommon way Wallerstein (1983, p.14). The world framework he has nitty gritty despite everything stays perhaps the best hypothesis, an all-wrapping point of view. A world-framework is a social framework, one that has limits, structures, part gatherings, rules of legitimation and cognizance. Its life is comprised of clashing

Capital Gains Tax Assignment Free Sample

Questions: Dave Solomon is 59 years old and is getting ready for his retirement. Following a visit to his money related consultant in March of the present duty year, Dave needs to contribute assets to his own superannuation subsidize before 30 June of the present assessment year. He has chosen to offer most of his advantages for raise the $1,000,000. He at that point plans to lease a city loft and pull back tax-exempt sums from his own superannuation account once he turns 60 in August of the following year. Dave has furnished you with the accompanying subtleties of the advantages he has sold: (an) A two-story living arrangement at St Lucia in which he has lived throughout the previous 30 years. He paid $70,000 to buy the property and got $850,000 on 27 June of the present assessment year, after the realtor deducted commissions of $15,000. The habitation was initially sold at closeout and the purchaser put a $85,000 store on the property. Lamentably, after fourteen days the purchaser showed that he didn't have adequate assets to continue with the buy, in this manner relinquishing his store to Dave on 1 May of the present assessment year. The realtors at that point arranged the offer of the living arrangement to another invested individual. (b) An artwork by Pro Hart that he bought on 20 September 1985 for $15,000. The artistic creation was sold at closeout on 31 May of the present expense year for $125,000. (c) An extravagance engine cruiser that he has secured at the Manly Yacht club. He bought the vessel in late 2004 for $110,000. He sold it on 1 June of the present duty year to a nearby vessel intermediary for $60,000. (d) On 5 June of the present expense year he sold for $80,000 a bundle of offers in a recently recorded mining organization. He bought these offers on 10 January of the present duty year for $75,000. He obtained $70,000 to finance the acquisition of these offers and caused $5,000 in enthusiasm on the advance. He likewise paid $750 in financier on the offer of the offers and $250 in stamp obligation on the acquisition of these offers. Dave has reached the ATO and they have exhorted him that the enthusiasm on the credit won't be a passable conclusion in light of the fact that the offers are not producing any assessable pay. Answers: Section 1: Realities - coming up next are the subtleties of Mr. Dave resources: A private property that is, a house where he lived for as long as thirty years, sold it on the date 27 June, 2016 for $850,000, and the cost for which it was purchased was 70,000 dollars. The operator charged commission on it for $15,000. The underlying purchaser relinquished 85,000 dollars to the concerned individual Dave since the exchange was finished. The canvas was purchased for $15,000 on 20 September, 1985 and sold for $125,000 Sold Motor Cruiser at $60,000 and the cost for which it was purchased was 110,000 dollars in 2004 The portions of the digging organization were promoted at the cost of 80,000 dollars and were bought at $75,000 in the current expense year. The stamp obligation on buy was for $250 and the business cost discounted for $750. The profits were purchased through leased assets for 70,000 dollars and premium was paid on $5000. Capital disappointment was brought for10,000 dollars. Issue In light of the realities, the issue that emerges here, what ought to be considered as the capital misfortune or capital addition and what ought to be done about it. Applicable Rules and Laws: Annual Tax Assessment Act, 1997 Application: At the point when the closeout profit are lesser than the base expense of the benefit of capital or while the base expense is less than the bartering pay then a capital misfortune or capital addition is said to happen (Sharkey, 2015). As per segment 118 of the ITAA 1997, exemptions are given to the individual who pays charge in which he is conceded the option to surrender the capital benefit on capital advantages offer of measure of protection, segments of PST, superannuation, undertaking capital sums and principle living arrangement (Woellner et al., 2012). To diminish the increase of capital, indexation and markdown are the two strategies that are used to diminish the capital addition. This is clarified in areas 115 and 114 of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997. Rate is utilitarian under limiting (Millar, 2016). At the point when a property has accomplishment date or shipped time to the new owner of the property on which the date is 20, 1985 September then, for example, resource is recognized as pre capital increase resource in addition to such an advantage is dependent upon exclusion from increase of capital. This is contained in Sections 104 to 110 of the ITAA 1997 (Brown, 2013). Mr. Dave sold the abode home in which he remained for over thirty years in addition to the date of offer is 27/6/2016. The date of accomplishment whenever determined thirty years switch will be 27 1986 June. This can't be pre capital increase resource notwithstanding thusly will not be dependent upon exception according to segments 104 110. Capital increase or misfortune will be = Sale continues Cost base = 850,000 70,000 $780,000 is the capital addition Limited capital addition = $390,000. Capital addition = $390,000 Since the advantage of capital is an abode house thusly, it is dependent upon exception according to segment 118 of the ITAA. Convincingly, the addition of capital isn't chargeable (Sadiq et al., 2016). The image of the concerned individual Mr. Dave was gathered during his lifetime. According to division, 128 156 (6) under the Income Tax Act, 1997 artistic creation is collectable (Sawyer, 2015). In the event that the capital misfortune is from a collectable, at that point the remuneration with the benefits misfortune will be a collectable scarcely. The estimation of offer of the image was 125,000, dollars which was bought on 20 September, 1985 for 15000 dollars. This isn't considered as a pre capital increase resource. The purpose for this is the hour of accomplishment was not until 20 September 1985. Capital increase or capital misfortune = $sale continues cost base = $125,000 - $15,000 = $110,000 For this situation, the arrangement is continued after September 20, 1999 and the limiting technique can be utilized. Capital increase limited = $55,000 Available estimation of capital increase = 55,000. In the third case Resources resource is a Motor Cruiser. It was purchased in the year 2004 and since it's anything but a pre capital increase charge resource it will make the obligation of duty on the benefit of offer. The cruiser was purchased for $110,000 and sold for $60,000 Subsequently, the capital increase or misfortune = $60,000 - $110,000 = $50,000 capital misfortune It will be permitted to put off starting different assets gains or some other sourced pay. Closeout of profits likewise prompts formation of duty responsibility. According to this, the stamp obligation and financier costs ought to be included or deducted from the particular buy or deal. In the given contextual analysis, the profits are bought and sold in the comparable year; consequently, the duty will be determined in the given current year, that is, 2016. In this, the capital misfortune or capital addition will be permitted. The indexation method will not be totally owed to deduct the capital increase under area 144 of the ITAA as the advantage was kept for extra a year. Nonetheless, the limiting procedure can be useful to it (Saad, 2014). Deal continues = Sale value Brokerage = $80,000 - $750 = $79,250 Price tag = Cost of obtaining + stamp obligation = $75,000 + $250 = $75,250 Capital addition or capital misfortune = Sale value Purchase cost = $79,250 - $75,250 = $4000 Decreased capital addition according to limit technique @ 50 percent = $2000 Available capital addition = $2000 The intrigue that is gotten from the credit sum will not be available, as it was not used to build any salary under ITAA 1997. Notwithstanding, a cost can be deducted according to segment 8 subsection 1 of the Act, if the cost is made out of a pay that is created. For this situation, the premium isn't used to deliver any profit and thusly it isn't to be considered as reasoning (Saad, 2014). Complete available capital addition Capital addition from habitation Exempted Capital addition from painting $55,000 Capital misfortune from engine cruiser ($60,000) Capital addition from shares 2,000 All out Capital misfortune ($3,000) Presented capital misfortune ($10,000) All out capital misfortune conveyed forward ($13,000) End: On 30th June 2016, there was a capital loss of the cost for 3,000 dollars. The conveyed forward disappointment from earlier years misfortune is10,000 dollars. Mr. Dave must not sell his benefit at a gigantic misfortune as no capital benefit can be produced using it. Capital increase can be accomplished from house however that is pardoned. To store charge in the coming years a residence house can be purchased and speculations can be made that are liberated from assessment and simple to benefit (Barkoczy, 2015). Reference List: Barkoczy, S., Foundations of Taxation Law 2015, sixth ed. CCH Australia Earthy colored, C. (2013). Australia-tax collection from truststhe issue of adjusting ideas of income.Asia-Pacific Tax Bulletin,19(5). Chalmers, J., Carragher, N., Davoren, S., OBrien, P. (2013). Genuine or seen obstacles to least valuing of liquor in Australia: general assessment, the industry and the law.International Journal of Drug Policy,24(6), 517-523. Frazier, B. (2013). Asset Capital Fund III LP v. Chief of Taxation: Partners or the Partnership-Who Is the Relevant Entity under the Avoidance of Double Taxation Convention between the United States and Australia.Tul. J. Int'l Comp. L.,22, 377. Frecknall-Hughes, J., McKerchar, M. (2013). Verifiable points of view on the rise of the assessment calling: Australia and the UK.Austl. Expense F.,28, 275. Lang, M. (2014).Introduction to the law of twofold tax collection shows. Linde Verlag GmbH. Langton, M., Longbottom, J. (Eds.). (2012).Community fates, legitimate engineering: establishments for Indigenous people groups in the worldwide mining blast. Routledge.

How to Pass Your Student Term Paper

How to Pass Your Student Term PaperIn many of the major publications in the United States, especially in the higher learning community, one of the requirements for a certain grade is a student term paper. It may be a requirement of an exam or of a course or just for the pleasure of the professor. The problem is that it can become very frustrating for the student to spend months on a term paper only to have it not get passed. There are ways to increase your chances of passing your term paper.When you are writing your term paper, make sure that you are aware of all of the grade requirements for the term paper that you are working on. Some professors or even the examination board can refer to a grade book to help them determine what grades term paper should receive. If there is a grade book for your term paper, check with the school or institution to see if they will allow you to use the book as a resource for your term paper.Make sure that you are studying diligently and that you are t aking every opportunity to work on your ability to get the teacher's mark. Many students try to make their term papers more difficult than they should be, but it can be the opposite for you to keep working at it until you get it right. Be prepared to write a long term paper as this is often the most difficult for most students.When you are preparing a term paper, it is best to start by writing the essay style paper. This allows you to get a feel for how the essay will flow and read and give you the confidence you need to work on the report. However, if you are having difficulty with the essay then you may want to consider asking someone else to take over the project.Make sure that you have adequate time and space for your term paper. Many students find that writing a term paper requires a lot of planning. The professor may require that you write the paper within a specific timeframe.Use the internet to your advantage. There are many helpful resources that will help you with your ter m paper and there are also many different styles of term papers available online. It can be a challenge to choose the appropriate style, but by comparing the styles of term papers available online, you can easily find a term paper that will meet your needs.When you are dealing with the student body as a whole, it is important to remember that everyone has a different opinion about what works best when it comes to writing a term paper. Before you ask for help from someone else, take the time to understand how people will view your term paper. Take the time to discuss the paper with your classmates so that you can learn what works for others and what doesn't.Finally, don't forget to practice your writing skills on your term paper. It will help you to get more familiar with your own writing and to see how you can improve your writing skills. Remember, practice makes perfect!

The Importance Of Dividends From An Investors Perspective Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The average investor will tell you that he or she invests for one reason and one reason only: to make a profit. No investor ever invests their money with the goal of making a loss. In fact, profitable earnings (also known as dividends) are usually one of the biggest factors that influence an investors decision A dividend is a cash payment from a companys earnings; it is  announced by a companys  board of directors  and distributed among stockholders. In other words, dividends are an investors share of a companys profits, given to him or her as a part-owner of the company. Aside from  option  strategies, dividends are the only way for investors to profit from ownership of stock without eliminating their stake in the company. Dividend policies are the regulations and guidelines that companies develop and implement as the means of arranging to make dividend payments to shareholders. Establishing a specific dividend policy is to the advantage of both the company and the shareholder The importance of dividends from an investors perspective and from a companys perspective that pay dividends Importance of dividend from investors prospective Dividends are important for more than income generation: they also provide a way for investors to assess a company as an investment prospect. First, investors can use dividends to value a company using the dividend discount model (DDM). A share price can be seen as the current value of all future cash flows. The DDM discounts the projected dividend stream for the next few years back to a current value. If the DDM value is higher than the prevailing share price, the investor will buy the share. Second, the consistent payment of cash dividends gives investors an objective way of assessing that companies are cash generative, as it isnt possible to pay dividends over the long term if theres no cash in the bank. Investors should always evaluate a company on a total return basis that includes both capital growth and dividend income. In simple words Cautious investors look for dividends because, [i] It reduces uncertainty (capital gains are uncertain). [ii] Ind ication of financial strength of the company. [iii] Need for income: Some invest in shares so as to get regular income to meet their living expenses Importance of dividend from companys prospective One of the simplest ways for companies to communicate financial well-being and shareholder  value is to say the  dividend  check is in the mail. Dividends, those cash distributions that many companies pay out regularly to shareholders from  earnings, send a clear, powerful message about future prospects and performance. A companys willingness and ability to pay steady dividends over time and its power to increase them provide good clues about its  fundamentals. In another word dividends are required because of the separation of ownership and management. Dividends are a signal of the sustainable income of the corporation: management selects a dividend policy to communicate the level and growth of real income because conventional accounting reports are inadequate guides to current income and future prospect Before corporations were required by law to disclose financial information in the 1930s, a companys ability to pay dividends was one of the few signs of its financial health. Despite the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934  and the increased transparency it brought to the industry, dividends still remain a worthwhile yardstick of a companys prospects. Typically, mature, profitable companies pay dividends. However, companies that do not pay dividends are not necessarily without profits. If a company thinks that its own growth opportunities are better than investment opportunities available to shareholders elsewhere, the company should keep the profits and reinvest them into the business. For these reasons, few  growth companies  pay dividends. But even mature companies, while much of their profits may be distributed as dividends, still need to retain enough cash to fund business activity and handle contingencies. Generally dividends have many advantages for both investors and companies.  Do dividend policy helps to reduce agency theory? Agency theory A theory explaining the relationship between principals, such as shareholders, and agents, such as companys executives and directors. In this relationship the principal delegates or hires agent to perform work. The theory attempts to deal with two specific problems: first, that the goals of the principal and agent are not in conflict(agency problem), and second, that the principal and agent reconcile different tolerances for risk. Yes dividend policy helps to reduce agency problems according to Easterbrook (1984) where points out that dividends reduce the agency problem between shareholders and managers, monitoring managements performance and facilitating market control, so that the market value of the firm will increase. This approach assumes that the dividend policy is used to mitigate the conflict between shareholders and managers. If part of the firms profits is not paid out as dividends, corporate managers may divert the cash flow for personal use or pursue unprofitable investment projects and that lead to increase agency problems. Dividend payouts can be seen as means to reduce the free cash flow that managers can use at their own discretion (Jensen, 1986; Lang and Litzenberger, 1989). As a consequence, outside shareholders may have a preference for dividends over retained earnings so by dividends paid agency problems reduced. The agency models on dividends can be divided into at least two distinct groups. The first Range of theories considers dividend payouts as an outcome of the agency conflict between managers and shareholders, as well as between controlling shareholders and outside shareholders (La Port et al. 2000; Faccio et al. 2001). According to La Porta et al. (2000), dividend payouts are an outcome of the legal shareholder protection. Particularly, they find that firms in civil-law countries pay lower dividends than in common-law countries. La Porta et al. (2000) claim that under an effective legal system, minority sh areholders use their legal power to force firms to pay out dividends. Contrary to this view, the second set of agency models argues that dividend payout policies are substitutes for governance problems in a firm (Easterbrook, 1984; Gomes, 2000). Issues, challenges and problems associated with dividends policy. Why many companies listed in exchange failed to declare them as dividend Policy Company while they are generating big profit on annual basis. There are many Issues challenges and problems associated with dividends policy and some these implications affected some companies and force them to undeclared dividends though they are generating high profit. Here is I am going to arrange these implications as a point with a brief elaboration due to limit word count which is 2000 words for this working paper. 1. Stability of Earnings.  The nature of business has an important bearing on the dividend policy. Industrial units having stability of earnings may formulate a more consistent dividend policy than those having an uneven flow of incomes because they can predict easily their savings and earnings. Usually, enterprises dealing in necessities suffer less from oscillating earnings than those dealing in luxuries or fancy goods. 2. Age of corporation.  Age of the corporation counts much in deciding the dividend policy. A newly established company may require much of its earnings for expansion and plant im provement and may adopt a rigid dividend policy while, on the other hand, an older company can formulate a clear cut and more consistent policy regarding dividend. 3. Liquidity of Funds.  Availability of cash and sound financial position is also an important factor in dividend decisions. A dividend represents a cash outflow, the greater the funds and the liquidity of the firm the better the ability to pay dividend. The liquidity of a firm depends very much on the investment and financial decisions of the firm which in turn determines the rate of expansion and the manner of financing. If cash position is weak, stock dividend will be distributed and if cash position is good, company can distribute the cash dividend. 4. Extent of share Distribution.  Nature of ownership also affects the dividend decisions. A closely held company is likely to get the assent of the shareholders for the suspension of dividend or for following a conservative dividend policy. O n the other hand, a company having a good number of shareholders widely distributed and forming low or medium income group would face a great difficulty in securing such assent because they will emphasize to distribute higher dividend. 5. Needs for Additional Capital. Companies  retain a part of their profits for strengthening their financial position. The income may be conserved for meeting the increased requirements of working capital or of future expansion. Small companies usually find difficulties in raising finance for their needs of increased working capital for expansion programmes. They having no other alternative, use their ploughed back profits. Thus, such Companies distribute dividend at low rates and retain a big part of profits. 6. Trade Cycles.  Business  cycles also exercise influence upon dividend Policy. Dividend policy is adjusted according to the business oscillations. During the boom, prudent management creates food reserves f or contingencies which follow the inflationary period. Higher rates of dividend can be used as a tool for marketing the securities in an otherwise depressed market. The financial solvency can be proved and maintained by the companies in dull years if the adequate reserves have been built up. 7. Government Policies.  The earnings capacity of the enterprise is widely affected by the change in fiscal, industrial, labour, control and other government policies. Sometimes government restricts the distribution of dividend beyond a certain percentage in a particular industry or in all spheres of business activity as was done in emergency. The dividend policy has to be modified or formulated accordingly in those enterprises. 8. Taxation Policy.  High taxation reduces the earnings of the companies and consequently the rate of dividend is lowered down. Sometimes government levies dividend-tax of distribution of dividend beyond a certain limit. It also affects the capit al formation. N India, dividends beyond 10 % of paid-up capital are subject to dividend tax at 7.5 %. 9. Legal Requirements.  In deciding on the dividend, the directors take the legal requirements too into consideration. In order to protect the interests of creditors an outsider, the companies Act 1956 prescribes certain guidelines in respect of the distribution and payment of dividend. Moreover, a company is required to provide for depreciation on its fixed and tangible assets before declaring dividend on shares. It proposes that Dividend should not be distributed out of capita, in any case. Likewise, contractual obligation should also be fulfilled, for example, payment of dividend on preference shares in priority over ordinary dividend. 10. Past dividend Rates.  While formulating the Dividend Policy, the directors must keep in mind the dividend paid in past years. The current rate should be around the average past rat. If it has been abnormally increa sed the shares will be subjected to speculation. In a new concern, the company should consider the dividend policy of the rival organisation. 11. Ability to Borrow.  Well established and large firms have better access to the capital market than the new Companies and may borrow funds from the external sources if there arises any need. Such Companies may have a better dividend pay-out ratio. Whereas smaller firms have to depend on their internal sources and therefore they will have to built up good reserves by reducing the dividend payout ratio for meeting any obligation requiring heavy funds. 12. Policy of Control.  Policy of control is another determining factor is so far as dividends are concerned. If the directors want to have control on company, they would not like to add new shareholders and therefore, declare a dividend at low rate. Because by adding new shareholders they fear dilution of control and diversion of policies and programmes of the existing management. So they prefer to meet the needs through retained earring. If the directors do not bother about the control of affairs they will follow a liberal dividend policy. Thus control is an influencing factor in framing the dividend policy. 13. Repayments of Loan.  A company having loan indebtedness are vowed to a high rate of retention earnings, unless one other arrangements are made for the redemption of debt on maturity. It will naturally lower down the rate of dividend. Sometimes, the lenders (mostly institutional lenders) put restrictions on the dividend distribution still such time their loan is outstanding. Formal loan contracts generally provide a certain standard of liquidity and solvency to be maintained. Management is bound to hour such restrictions and to limit the rate of dividend payout. 14. Time for Payment of Dividend.  When should the dividend be paid is another consideration. Payment of dividend means outflow of cash. It is, theref ore, desirable to distribute dividend at a time when is least needed by the company because there are peak times as well as lean periods of expenditure. Wise management should plan the payment of dividend in such a manner that there is no cash outflow at a time when the undertaking is already in need of urgent finances. 15. Regularity and stability in Dividend Payment.  Dividends should be paid regularly because each investor is interested in the regular payment of dividend. The management should, inspire of regular payment of dividend, consider that the rate of dividend should be all the most constant. For this purpose sometimes companies maintain dividend equalization Fund. Conclusion When a company earns profits from operations, management can do one of two things with the profits. It can choose to retain them essentially  reinvesting  them into the company with the hope of creating more profits and thus further stock appreciation. The other alternative is to distribute a portion of the profits to shareholders in the form of dividends. It is important for investors and companies to consider the benefits that dividends offer and how easy it is to include dividend-paying stocks in any portfolio. Dividend paying stocks offer numerous advantages, including: Attractive Returns:  Dividends paid are part of total return. Companies that pay dividends are usually historically stable. Less Volatility:  Dividends help lessen the potential fall of a companys stock price, thereby reducing volatility. Increased Yield:  Dividends provide income (however they are only a small part of an investments total return). Furthermore dividend poli cy reduces the agency problems.

War Story- Personal Narrative Essay - 575 Words

War Story- Personal Narrative Finally we got a well deserved break from what seemed like our endless marching. As we stopped pain shot up my left leg like a bullet. I looked automatically to my right. Nobody was there. My best friend Simon would usually stand there, as he had in the war before, I could imagine the grin on his face. The images of all those years ago started to play in my mind†¦ It began when we were assembled in the safety of the trench. Then we heard those dreaded words that can make a man throw up with fear for his life. â€Å"Go! Over the top men, go!† I froze, not breathing, not even blinking I was paralysed, standing there motionless, my legs as solid as†¦show more content†¦Then, turning my head again I saw Simon dive to my aid. He did not utter a single word but just gave a faint grin then promptly looked down at my leg and set to work. He freed me and with a little help I made it to the safety of the next shell hole. I owed him my life. Simon refused to stop. He climbed up again to help the others. I tried to tug him back but my efforts were worthless; seen as I was wounded. Gun shots and shell fire pounded my ears like a right hand from a heavy weight boxer. I will never forget the next sound I heard. I knew it was the end so I looked up at the morning sun and prayed towards the heavens. I could hear the screams penetrating throughout my mind. Now I’m standing here about to march on to fight in another war, fighting for my dear friend. When will man kind learn? Now, however, I fear this time I might not be so lucky, especially now, without Simon, who I did not even get a chance to thank for saving my life. Now I try to put the thoughts out of my mind with a tear in my eye turning away from the other soldiers so they cannot see. I can see a large church in front of me and can hear the sounds of children playing. I begin to think about the contrast. The young, blameless children playing happily with each other only a short distance away from where us, the adults are contemplating what lies ahead hideously slaughtering theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Baldwins Notes to a Native Son1712 Words   |  7 Pageswould blaze with the glory of fathers and sons.† This quotation by James Arthur Baldwin helps to bring about one of the main points of his essay, â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† Baldwin’s composition was published in 1955, and based mostly around the World War II era. This essay was written about a decade after his father’s death, and it reflected back on his relationship with his father. At points in the essay, Baldwin expressed hatred, love, contempt, and pride for his father, and Baldwin broke down thisRead MoreRigoberta Menchu Literary Analysis871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Guatemalan Civil War was a period filled with constant battles between the national government and the indigenous Maya population. In I, Rigoberta Menchu: An Indian Woman in Guatemala, we witness Menchus compelling narrative highlighting indigenous life during the Guatemalan Civil War. Since publication, her narrative has achieved world acclaim as it was awarded the Nobel Peace in 1992. Such acclaim, however, has incited critics to question her narrative, as does anthropologist David Stoll inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wind Rises And Showa 1660 Words   |  7 PagesTamio Guild Professor Seraphim Asia Pacific War Humanness in Wind Rises and Showa --- fix title Manga and Anime, that found brilliance at the dawn of the digital age, have now moved on from the realm of popular culture to playing a powerful role in shaping the transnational memory of Japan in the twentieth century. 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By mirroring the troops movements through the woods of Tennessee with the activity of each soldiers mind, Foote offers the reader a broad perspective of the battle and a detailed view of the issues behind it. The battle becomes tangible as Foote interweaves the observations of UnionRead More Personal, Social, and Cultural Contexts Established by the Frame Story in MAUS1635 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal, Social, and Cultural Contexts Established by the Frame Story in MAUS  Ã‚      The use of the frame story, an overarching narrative used to connect a series of loosely related stories, pervades literature. An example of a frame story on a large scale - tying together a whole book-length work, not a simple short story - can be found in Art Spiegelmans graphic novel MAUS. Each of the narratives six sections is framed with snatches of the interaction between Vladek and Art during the interviewRead More Is American Patriotism Also Blind Patriotism? Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagestimes of war. 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Disparity, Discrimination, Judicial System, And State Law...

This paper will explore some of the disparities of how different types of groups are treated, by both federal and state law enforcement agencies, in the American judicial system. Additionally, how discrimination also factors in these processes, from arrest to conviction, while evolving through time in our society. How do these subjects and differing policies influence outcomes in the judicial process? Are there rational theories for some of these practices or instances? We will explore each specific term, consequences, compare and contrast their effects on the judicial process, while gaining some insights and providing specific examples. The purpose of this paper is to some examine online articles and published information, in an attempt to shed some light on this phenomena in our system. Keywords: disparity, discrimination, judicial system, victimization, constitution Disparity and Discrimination Within American Criminal Justice System There has been a lot of research into the reasons that disparities and discrimination exist in the American judicial system, their inadequacies and what should be done if anything, to correct these deficiencies in the process. One particular area that seems to encompass both the disparities and discrimination in the American judicial system is the treatment of young black males in society. Statistics seem to reveal that more blacks commit more crime, and thus are singled out by profiling, and then subsequently incarcerated moreShow MoreRelatedStructured Inequality and Incarceration Essay2843 Words   |  12 Pagesracism still continues today due in part to a form of cultural imagery. This structured inequality is evident in the politics of government and all levels of the criminal justice system. 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Background information on the attorneyRead MoreRacial Disparities Of The United States Justice System3104 Words   |  13 PagesPersistent racial disparities are a defining characteristic of the United States justice system. Racial disparities in the justice system are characterized by differences in the proportions of a racial group in the system and in the general population. There is extensive literature detailing the higher likelihood of minorities, specifically African Americans, being arrested, receiving harsher sentences, and being incarcerated more frequently than Whites. As of 2008, African Americans comprisedRead MoreCriminal Justice Policy And Planning4719 Words   |  19 Pages Criminal Justice Policy Planning Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Thesis 4 Analyzing the Problem 5 Plea Bargaining 5 Budget Issues 6 Racial Disparity 6 Chart on Racial Disparity 7 Goals and Objectives 8 Stakeholders for Mandatory Minimum Sentences 8 Stakeholders against Mandatory Minimum Sentences 8 Impact Model 9 Designing the Program 10 Program Implementation and Monitoring 11 Developmental Implementation Programs Offered 11 Implementation PlanRead MoreThe Relationship Between African American And The American Penal System3653 Words   |  15 PagesInstitution RACIAL DISPARITY IN AMERICAS PENAL SYSTEM 2 Abstract This paper researched the disproportion between African American males and the American penal system. The research addressed the three components that comprise the American Justice System. Those components identified were; the police, who enforce specific laws, investigate crimes and arrest or detain people injunction, seek inductions, drop cases, and reduce charges; also noted is the judicial component which sets bail orRead MoreEssay about Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Justice System4775 Words   |  20 PagesRacial Discrimination in the U.S. Justice System Introduction In modern-day America the issue of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is controversial because there is substantial evidence confirming both individual and systemic biases. While there is reason to believe that there are discriminatory elements at every step of the judicial process, this treatment will investigate and attempt to elucidate such elements in two of the most critical judicial junctures, criminal apprehensionRead MoreThe Complex Relationship Between Community And The Community, Offenders, And Staff3377 Words   |  14 Pages Correctional agencies all have the need to produce clear and concise written directives for the community, offenders, and staff. Since the early 1960, debates on how to improve the correctional policy have increased. Two major concerns are the community and offenders entering the system. Yet, the community is very complex with conflicting components. 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African American and Hispanic males are being incarcerated at higher rates thanRead MoreNational Policy for the Empowerment of Women4742 Words   |  19 Pagesenshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles.  The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women.Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. From the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has been a marked shift in the approach toRead MoreTerrorism And Its Effects On Terrorism2307 Words   |  10 Pagesof planning and mitigation can remove 100-percent of the risk from terrorism, hazard mitigation and preparedness can help reduce the risk. Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) categorizes terrorism in the U.S. as one of two types (Watson, 2002): 1. Domestic Terrorism; terrorist activities that focus on facilities or populations

The Fault Of Our Stars By John Green - 1502 Words

The Fault in Our Stars, published by John Green in January 2012 is a professional, fictional narration of a sixteen year old girl named Hazel Grace Lancaster and her experience with terminal cancer. Hazel was prepared to die until a surgery followed by radiation and chemo at age fourteen shrunk her tumours and bought her a few more years of life. Hazel has a poor outlook on her remaining years with terminal cancer, she does not wish to form any close bonds due to the fact she is afraid of the impact her death may create on her loved ones. While attending cancer support group which is forced upon her by her mother Hazel meets a seventeen year old boy named Augustus Waters. Augustus is currently in remission from osteosarcoma. Hazel and Augustus form a friendship and agree to read each other’s favorite novels which consist of An Imperial Affliction. The friendship progresses to an intimate relationship and Augustus forever changes her outlook on life and death. Throughout this review I will discuss the main characters, themes, explain why the text is useful to an understanding of death and dying in my culture and I will include my critical thoughts surrounding this novel. Hazel Grace Lancaster is a sophisticated sixteen year old girl from Indianapolis. She was diagnosed with stage IV thyroid cancer at age twelve; the cancer has now spread to her lungs which forces her to carry oxygen with her regularly. Hazel is aware her cancer is terminal and thus does not wish to formShow MoreRelatedThe Fault in Our Stars by John Green624 Words   |  3 PagesOptimism is an emotion that inspires hopefulness and confidence about the future. Optimism propels people and novels forward. Optimism is a driving force in the novel â€Å"Lord of The Flies† by William Golding and the novel â€Å"The Fault in Our Stars† by John Green. In the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies†,one of the most important emotions is optimism. Without optimism the boys would have no hope that they would make it off the island. At the start of the novel things are not going the boys way, their planeRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green2013 Words   |  9 Pagesnovel, The Fault in Our Stars, John Green describes the hardships, endless love, and a tragedy, that two teenagers must push through to find their forever. Hazel Lancaster, an intelligent, aware, and selfless young girl, has struggled with cancer since the early age of thirteen. Augustus Waters, a smart, metaphor loving, cancer stricken kid, falls completely in love with Hazel Grace, but a great misfortune cuts their time together short. â€Å"Some infinities are bigger than other infinities (Green, 260).†Read MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe fault in our stars is written by John Green, a popular American writer and vlogger. The novel is narrated by Hazel Grace Lancaster, a sixteen year old cancer patient. Her parents force her to attend a Support group so she can make â€Å"friends†. Hazel gets more than a friend from the support group. She befriends a 17 year old called Augustus Waters, the guy she ends up falling in love with. Augustus Waters really inspired me throughout the novel. He was a very strong character who had a positiveRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green1768 Words   |  8 PagesJournal Entry 1: The Fault In Our Stars by John Green. Entry written by Matt Kruse. How realistic are the characters? Would you want to meet any of the characters in real life? How has the author used exposition to introduce you to the characters? Do you like them? Why or why not? Is there a character that you can relate to better than others? Primarily, all of the characters in The Fault In Our Stars are pretty realistic. Most of the characters act like normal people you could just find everyRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fault in Our Stars is a book written by John Green. This book has many themes like love for the ways that Hazel and Augustus treat one another. There is courage for the way that these teenagers battle cancer and are brave while doing it. Also, another theme is family for the way that Hazel and Augustus’s parents love them, support them, and comfort them with every decision that they make. The main characters in this book are Hazel Grace Lancaster, the narrator of the book who has cancer and knowsRead MoreThe Fault Of Our Stars By John Green1079 Words   |  5 Pages Augustus Waters once said â€Å"I’m on a roller coaster that only goes up, my friend.† (Green, John). Isaac once stated â€Å"There’s nothing you can do about it.† (Green, John). 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Again, louder, â€Å"MOM!† She ran in wearing a threadbare pink towel under her armpits, dripping, vaguely panickedRead MoreThe Fault in Our Stars: John Green1819 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"That’s the thing about pain†¦ it demands to be felt† John Green eloquently states in the tear-jerking novel The Fault in Our Stars. Ask anyone who read the book about the supporting character, charming Augustus Grey, and quickly witness an almost physical wave of acrimony and nostalgia pass over them. Green’s unique ability to demand compassion from the reader through his cleverly compiled diction forces the reader to feel the extreme pain his characters are faced against. Pain brings people togetherRead MoreThe Fault in Our Stars by John Green2159 Words   |  9 Pagesis invited over to his house to watch a movie. Although , he pulls out a cigarette and Hazel freaks out to which he explains that it is a metaphor, â€Å"You put the killing thing right between your teeth, but don’t give it the power to do its killing† (Green 20). Once at his house Hazel begins to feel not to different from other girls, yet by the time they say goodbye, she cannot get the thought of him out of her head. Hazel shares a book with Augustus and he shares one with her. She quickly reads throughRead More The Fault in Our Stars by John Green784 Words   |  4 Pages Hazel –Main character, has cancer, has to have an oxygen tank, likes Augustus from the start, semi-shy, and has a bit of a dark side, has a GED and goes to community college, but very smart and well put together, feels like shes a grenade. Augustus- Bold, straight forward, a bit of a dark side to, Isaac’s friend, gorgeous, used to be athletic, hasn’t been to school in a year, lost half of his leg to cancer , Hazel’s Parents-wants hazel to make friends, very pushy, caring, loving , worried

Good And Bad Effects Of Computer Essay Example For Students

Good And Bad Effects Of Computer Essay Software Licensing And PiracyAuthor: Kelly SommerfeldEmail: emailprotected In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $12.5 billion to the software industry, with a loss of $2.2 billion in the United States alone. Estimates show that over 40 percent of U.S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industrys piracy losses occurred outside of the United States borders. The Software Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States was obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution and licensing. Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent law and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuant to Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law, and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holders rights in the secret. The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from state to state, but commonly have the same elements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a court will allow a trade secret to be used by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret independently or if the holder does not take adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States Copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression. The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the Supreme Court determined that a piano roll used in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music because the roll was part of a mechanical device. Since a computer program is textual, like a book, yet also mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the Copyright Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the Act. In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the users right to make a single backup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a tangible form (written somewhere i.e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D.C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a court (federal) to stop that person by an injunction and to give you damages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act Public Law 101-650) was approved by Congress in 1990, this Act prohibits the commercial rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. An amendment to Title 18 to the United States Code was passed by Congress in 1992. This amendment. Known as Public Law 102-561 made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement of software. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years, fines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction or distribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retail value exceeding $2,500 or more. Under United States law duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for use by different users within an organization, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else is prohibited. Under this law if anyone is caught with the pirated software, an individual or the individuals company can be tried under both civil and criminal law. A Civil action may be established for injunction, actual damages (which includes the infringer=s profits) or statutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement. The criminal penalties for copyright infringement can result in fines up to $250,000 and a jail term up to five years for the first offense and ten years for a second offense or both. When software is counterfeit or copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the whole software industry feels the effect of piracy. All software developers spend a lot of time and money in developing software for public use. A portion of every dollar spent in purchasing original software is funneled back into research and development of new software. Software piracy can be found in three forms: software counterfeiting, which is the illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program; Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers l oad unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular dealer; and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet. When software is pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/or upgrade version being very expensive. Federal appellate courts in the U.S. have determined that operating systems, object code and software cotained in ROMs are protected by copyright, and some lower federal courts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set on microprocessor chips), and the look and feel of computer screens is subject to copyright protection. Which leads to the problems of the widespread development of multimedia applications that has brought out major problems in clearing copyright for small elements of text, images, video and sound. The United States Government has been an active participant in protecting the rights of the software industry. When the Business Software Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local law enforcement officials participate also. An organization known as the Software Publishers Association (SPA) is the principal trade association of the PC software industry. SPA works closely with the FBI and has also an written enforcement manual for the FBI to help them investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations (audits). With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actions resulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 million since the program started in 1990. Nicholas Ferrar Essay2. Implement a software codes of ethics for everyone to adhere to. The ethics should state that copyrighted software, except for backup and archival purposes, is a violation of the law. 3. Establish a procedure for acquiring and registering software. Determine your companies software needs, evaluate software packages, and also have supervisors approve the plans. Keep the lines of communication open. 4. Establish and maintain a software log. The log should state the date of when the software was acquired, the registration of it, serial number, network version, location of where the software is in use, where the original is, licensing agreement and the location of the original disks. 5. Conduct periodic audits or on a as needed basis comparing the software log and/or other purchase records. 6. Establish a program to educate and train your employees about every aspect of software and its uses. 7. Maintain a library of software licenses and provide users with copies of the agreement. 8. Having done the above seven points, the company can benefit by having obtained software legally, receive full documentation, technical support when needed and also upgrade notices. Patents do not cover specific systems, instead they cover particular techniques that can be used to build systems or particular features that systems can offer. Patent grants the inventor a 17 year monopoly on its use. Once a technique or feature is patented, it may not be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer program usually uses several techniques and provides many features, it can infringe many patents at once. A computer program is built out of ideal mathematical objects whose behavior is defined, not modeled approximately, by abstract rules. An example of this is Borland International, Inc. complained in the 1st Federal District Court gave Lotus Development Corp. the benefit of patent protection to Lotus 1-2-3 menu commands and their order, but failed to require Lotus to meet the requirements of patent law, including novelty, examination and contribution to the prior art. The Supreme Court sid ed with the 1st Circuit decision that one entity cannot own the user interface to programs. Meaning such as file formats, menu structures and programming languages. Software license agreements emerged as the most popular means of protection of proprietary rights in computer software. They coexist with other forms of intellectual property rights as patent and copyright. Software license agreements serve several functions in transactions involving the transfer of computer technology. One of the most important legal functions is the protection of the proprietary rights of the licenser in the transferred software. Other functions include controlling the revenue generated by licensed software and determining the rights and responsibilities of the parties regarding the performance of the licensed technology. Issue related to these functions include the applicability of Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, including offer and disclaimer of warranties, determining the appropriate types of licenses to utilize, such as single users/CPU licenses, Site/enterprise licenses and network/concurrent licenses. Trade secret, copyright and patent law are email protected forms of protection in the sense that they may exist independently of any underlying business transactions and do not necessarily require any transfer of intellectual property from one party to another. Whereas, the need for a license agreement usually arises as one of the contractual forms of protection when the underlying business transaction involves the transfer of intellectual property, such as computer software. Transactions involving the transfer of computer software are subject to both federal and state laws. Generally, state law governs contractual and trade secrets aspects of the transaction, while federal law governs aspects related to patent, copyright and antitrust issues. Each state has its own version of a doctrine of a trade secret, the common thread through these state-specific laws is that if you show that you are seriously treated information as confidential and that the confidential information helped your competitive position, you can stop others from using it if the information was improperly acquired by them, and even collect damages from the wrongdoers. A computer is useless without software. The two types of software typically found on a computer are operating systems software and application software. Operating system software provides interface that makes it easier to develop programs for the system by reducing the amount of code that must be written. The operating system acts as an interface between the computer hardware, application programs and the end user. Application software consists of one or more computer program that fulfill a specific function for the user like word processing, bookkeeping or financial analysis. Two legal cases recently within the last few years has brought to light the controversy regarding the copyright protection of software elements. Until 1992, most of the federal courts followed the decision in Whenlan v Jaslow Dental Laboratory as a precedent of similar cases. Whenlan, a small software company wrote a accounting program for Jaslow Dental Laboratory company. Jaslow rewrote the software to run on personal computers and proceeded to sell the product. The software was identical to Whenlans in the data structures, logic, and the program structure, except for the source code. Jaslow argued that the duplicated elements were part by the of the idea not the expression. The court in response felt that the data structures, logic, and the program structure comprised to make a single function of a computer program, therefore copyright protection should be given to those elements also. In 1992, this protection was weakened by Computer Associates v. Altai, Inc. , when Altai a software developer was accused of copying various modules of a software package developed by Computer Associates which controlled the running of applications on IBM mainframes. The court rejected Whelan=s premise that a computer program embodies one function because programs are made up of sub-routines that contain their own idea. The court recognized this would narrow the scope of software copyright protection and found this in accordance with Congressional intent of computer programs with copyright. This resulted in why currently software copyright is not as broad as it once was. Bibliography:Brandel, William, Licensing stymies users,URL: , Viman Software, Inc., 2002. Business Software Alliance, Software Piracy and the Law,URL:http://www.bsa.org/bsa/docs/soft_pl.html, Business Software Alliance, 2002. Software Publishers Association, SPA Anti-Piracy Backgrounder,URL:http://www.spa.org/, Software Publishers Association, 2002.

The Traditional Economic Theory of The Firm

Question: Discuss about The Traditional Economic Theory of The Firm. Answer: Introduction: According to the Traditional economic theory, the objective the raison dentre of the firm is to maximize profits. The statement implies that a firm enters into the market, whether there is free entry or not, to maximize its own profit. Profit maximization is the process, long run or short run determining the optimum level of output and price returning the highest possible profit to the firm. Along with many approaches in traditional economic theory, the total revenue and total cost approach that relies on the truth that profit is equal to revenue minus cost (Varian 2014). In addition, it focuses on the difference along with the marginal revenue-marginal cost aspect because total profit is reached at the maximum point when the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. Different market structures: Mainly there are four kinds of market structure prevails in an economy, namely- (i) Perfect Competition, (ii) Pure monopoly, (iii) Monopolistic competition and (iv) Oligopoly. Firstly, in the perfectly competitive market, where the firms exhibit specific criterion such as, selling identical products, price taking specification, having small market share, having complete information about the goods and services that are sold with free entry and exit (Kirzner 2015). In perfect competition, profit is maximized when the price equals marginal revenue of the firm (Fussand McFadden2014). In the monopoly, the profit maximization condition is when the price and marginal revenue equals the marginal cost i.e. MR=MC. The diagram below shows the price Pe is the price of the firm receives for every unit sold which is Average Revenue of the market and Ce being the Average cost of each unit. The diagram shows supernormal profit in monopoly, which is the sustainable long run profit for the market structure. Figure 1: monopoly long run profit For monopolistic competition, the companys demand curve should end up being tangent to the average total cost curve to yield zero profit. This is the long run condition for monopolistically competitive market. Figure 2: Monopolistic competition long run profit In the oligopoly, the market structure is different. The kinked demand curve yielding long run profit is given the in diagram below. Figure 3: oligopoly long run profit Uncertainty: The aspect of uncertainty is discussed with respect to the long-run profit maximization of a firm when it commits production before the price is set. The increase in demand uncertainty does not affect the equilibrium number or size of the firms if the firm is risk neutral. If the firm is risk averse, there will be a reduction in the equilibrium number of firms with an ambiguous effect on the sizes. In the equilibrium, if the firm is risk neutral, it operates at the capacity. Nevertheless, if the firm is risk averse, there will be excess capacity prevailing in the economy (Fudenbergand Tirole2013). The problem of uncertainty affects the long run profits of the firm if it is risk averse. In long term, the firm is affected by the price as the price level is always unpredictable. So whatever be the market structure, the risk averse firm will avoid investing in any kind of productions which will lead to a proper loss for the firm. The situation is quite different in case of the risk lovin g firms as they invest whatever be the future predicted price level. "Principal-Agent" Problem: The principal agent problem is the situation when one party or agent agrees for working in favor of another party, who is the principal, by responding to some incentives. As people directly respond to incentives, the situation yields huge costs for the agents, causing a moral hazard (Okuguchiand Szidarovszky2012). The principal agent problem includes everything from incentives regarding financial forms for avoidance of asymmetric information. The Principal-agent problem, also known as agency dilemma, happens in a situation while a person who is the agent is able making decisions on behalf of any other person or entity who is the principal. The dilemma persists, as the agent at times, gets motivated acting in his best level rather than that of the principal. This relationship of principal-agent is a proper useful tool to analyze the conditions regarding economics and political science. A very common example can be drawn as the relationship between corporate management (agent) and the shareholders (principal). The problem may arise in a greater manner when the two parties face information asymmetry. This is a situation when the principal is not able to ensure directly that the agents activity is at the principals highest level of interest. Here the problems of conflict of interest and Moral Haza rd arise. The problem of moral hazard is the situation when one agent gets involved in any uncertain activity knowing about its protection against risk and the other party incurs the cost. In addition, the principal can be very much concerned about the exploitation possibility by the agent as he decides not to enter into the transaction of the both involved parties. This deviation from the interest of principal by the agent is named as agency costs (Sng2014). Alternative theories: Sales Maximization Theory (William Baumol): The theory by Professor William Baumol on the Theory of Oligopoly incorporated a managerial theory of the company based on the maximization of the sales. The theory exhibits the following assumptions: The firm has a single period horizon, aiming at maximizing the sales revenue in long run subjected to the profit. The firm's minimum level of profit is set competitively on the current value of market shares The oligopolistic firm has a U-shaped cost curve and downward sloping demand curve with conventional total cost and total revenue curve. The Baumols findings regarding the oligopoly firms reveal that they consider the sales maximization objectives. According to the economist, with the ownership separation and modem corporation control, managers seeking prestige and higher salaries to try expanding sales of the company even at the profit expenses (Baumoland Blinder2015). The firm needs to exhibit minimum profits for financing the future expenditures. Minimum profits serve as the constraint on maximizing revenue. According to Baumol, revenue will be maximized only at an output when the demand is unit elastic. Therefore it differs from the traditional economic theory which talks about the invisible hand in market force and automation on equilibrating the optimums. Management Utility Maximization Theory (O.E. Williamson): According to Williamson's utility maximization theory againost the profit maximization, also known as "managerial discretion theory," the managers and shareholders are two separate groups. The shareholders want to maximize the return on the investment as well as maximizing the profits. On the other hand, the managers are interested not only in their own fees but also in their staffs size and the expenses on them. Thus, the theory of Williamson relates to the maximization of the utility of the manager that is the function of staff expenditures and fees and discretionary funds (Sng2014). The assumptions of the model focus on: (i) imperfect competition in the markets, (ii) Divorce of management and ownership, (iii) minimum level of profit constraint existing for the company being able to pay dividends to the shareholders. The model differs from the traditional theory by the means of imperfectly competitive structure with the profit constraints. Satisfying Behavior (Simons): According to Simon's theory, he compared the organizational behavior with the individual behavior. He proposed that as an individual, a firm aspires leveling to keep up with the needs and driving to achieve its goals. The firm has an aspiration for achieving a certain level of profits. The level of aspiration is based on the different goals and aims regarding production, prices, sales, profits, etc. (Varian2014). In the given situation, the firm faces three alternative situations as follows: Firstly, the real achievement is lesser than the level of aspiration, when there is a big lag due to possible fluctuations in economic activities of the firm. Secondly, the achievement is greater than the level of achievement when the firm is quite satisfied with the performance. Thirdly, the achievement equates the level of aspiration when the outcome is also satisfactory. The theory differs from the traditional one in terms of targeting the profit level that the firm has an aspiration to reaching. The major objective is different and not reconcilable. Conclusion: The article critically analyzes the statement that is mentioned- The traditional theory of the firm has long outlived its usefulness in explaining the raison d'entre of business organizations." The theories discussed the important factors affecting the firm's profit maximization conditions. The Simon's model is superior to the model by Williamson as it talks about individualism. On the other hand, in Williamsons model, the managers are concerned with the utility maximization aspect. The Baumols model gives ambiguous ideas into this critical evaluation. References: Baumol, W. and Blinder, A., 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and Policy. Cengage Learning. Fudenberg, D. and Tirole, J., 2013.Dynamic models of oligopoly.Taylor Francis. Fuss, M. and McFadden, D. eds., 2014.Production Economics: A Dual Approach to Theory and Applications: Applications of the Theory of Production(Vol. 2). Elsevier. Kirzner, I.M., 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship.University of Chicago press. McChesney, F.S., Reksulak, M. and Shughart, W.F., 2015.Competition Policy in Public Choice Perspective(Vol. 1, pp. 147-171).The Oxford Handbook of International Antitrust Economics. Okuguchi, K. and Szidarovszky, F., 2012.The theory of oligopoly with multi-product firms.Springer Science Business Media. Sng, T.H., 2014. Size and dynastic decline: The principal-agent problem in late imperial China, 17001850.Explorations in Economic History,54, pp.107-127. Varian, H.R., 2014.Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.

The ethical dilemma of the Indian barial contovers Essay Example For Students

The ethical dilemma of the Indian barial contovers Essay y Grave desecration has been experiences in the United States for nearly two hundred tears without respect to Native Indians first amendment rights to freedom of religion. Indian spirituality is not free from ecology, they are part of the same system of the beliefs for Indians, and their spiritual beliefs are a significant part of their culture. Their beliefs operate in the present applying through space, to all people. Their views are global and everyone is perceived to live within these beliefs. Part of the spiritual/ecological process is confirmed within the role of their ancestors and traditions are held within these beliefs. We will write a custom essay on The ethical dilemma of the Indian barial contovers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now American archeologists fell obligated to tell the story of pre-historic American peoples. Using scientific methods they trace through time within the study of ancient burials. They can accumulate data as to disease patterns, diet, environment, cultural, demographics and population changes. The continued uses of skeletal remains are detrimental to them, as research methods are updated and fields of interest evolve. Without hard resources, their work may come into question because they will have no original data source to state their claims of science and their research may come into question. Looking at science (archeology) as a belief system, they too are entitled to their first amendment right. Since prehistoric times, Native Americans have kept their stories alive without the written record but rather through oral tradition. Stories are handed down to generation after generation, and their ancestors buried are mistaken, by archeologists, as prehistoric peoples that have hidden secrets. Come of the natives do not see the benefit that archeology provides, because they are already aware of the cultural details that are unveiled through desecration. Since Indian values conflict with archeology, very few Indian students pursue it as a potential profession; while the archeologist view their research as beneficial to both traditions. Archeologists value what is a basic human right to the Indians established religious beliefs and practices regarding the dead. The gap between them needs to be bridged in order to resolve this on going dispute. One example between them is the Navajo Nation Archeological Department (NNAD). The NNADs long-term objective is to train Navajos as archeologists and eliminate any non-Indians from the program, But does this lead to conflict of interest set by the traditional belief system of the Navajo? With any sort of compromise, both traditions may find a deeper understanding of American prehistory. Our understanding may become richer when archeological method works with traditional Native perspective to tell us this ongoing story that we are all a part of. Euro-Americans have been the dominant society for a long time. The Indian dead has been looted and put to the test, while their oral traditions have been discredited through archeology. This ethical dilemma is viewed as non-renewable archeological resources, while denying equal protection under the law. Archeologists may benefit from the reburial actions of cultural presentation by bring the motion to their static view, while Indians may also find traditions that were left untold. Can there be a successful bridge to fill the gaps of both traditions order to preserve history and respect ancestors? Bibliography: .

Young Versus Old Essays - Ageing, Old Age, Rudeness, Retirement

Young Versus Old Essays - Ageing, Old Age, Rudeness, Retirement Young Versus Old In my community I have two groups of people that just don?t seem to get along. One group is the younger people of the area, and the other group is the older senior citizens that live in the community. The older people have complained that the younger people are irresponsible, destructive and rude. The younger people of the area have protested the construction of a retirement home in the community, saying that the older people are boring, old fashioned and complain too much. I feel that bringing these two groups together and making them see the things they share in common will be rather easy to accomplish. Much of the prejudice that the two groups have against each other is based on rumors or something only one member of that group has done. The older people see a couple of younger people riding their skate boards on their street and they assume that all young people are going to take over their streets with skate board riding. The younger crowd may see some senior citizens complaining of service at a restaurant and assume that all older people are picky and rude. The prejudices are of course wrong, the solution is to show the two groups the positive aspects of the other group. For the younger crowd I would set up a community service through the school to visit retirement homes and help the elderly with chores and other odd jobs. These could be set up through the Honor Society at the school, and the Student Council. These two groups could say that they would have to do some many hours of service to earn credits. This could also be provided to the students who are being punished. Instead of staying after school for 2 hours detention, they could just visit the retirement home or some other elderly related activity. During these activities the young people would realize that not all elderly citizens are picky and rude, that some of them are actually fun to be around. And this would also be beneficial to the older crowd, as they would see the good that the young people can do. Both groups would benefit from this. Another possible thing to do with these two groups would to just have big community events that both of the groups would attend. That way these groups would be spending more time together and therefor realize the benefits of having senior citizens in the area and the likewise benefit of having younger people in the area. The key is to make both groups realize that the other group isn?t really like what they thought. Learning and being open-minded is an essential

How to Use the Perl Array join() Function

How to Use the Perl Array join() Function The Perl programming language  join() function is used to connect all the elements of a specific list or array into a single string using a specified joining expression. The list is concatenated into one string with the specified joining element contained between each item. The syntax for the join() function is: join EXPR, LIST. Join() Function at Work In the following example code, EXPR uses three different values.  In one, it is a hyphen. In one, it is nothing, and in one, it is a comma and a space. #!/usr/bin/perl$string join( -, red, green, blue );printJoined String is $string\n;$string join( , red,  green,  blue  ); printJoined String is $string\n;$string  Ã‚  join(  , ,  red,  green,  blue  );printJoined String is $string\n; When the code is executed, it returns the following: Joined String is red-green-blueJoined String is redgreenblueJoined String is red, green, blue The EXPR is only placed between pairs of elements in LIST. It is not placed before the first element or after the last element in the string.   About Perl Perl,  which is an interpreted programming language, not a compiled language, was a mature programming language long before the web, but it became popular with website developers because most of the content on the web happens with text, and Perl is designed for text processing. Also, Perl is friendly and offers more than one way to do most things with the language.